英语辅音音变规律

前缀 com-

1. com-
2. con-
3. col-
4. cor-
5. co-

含义

1. together 共同，一起

2. intensive 加强语气

词源学 com-

• https://www.etymonline.com/word/com-#etymonline_v_15853

word-forming element usually meaning "with, together," from Latin com, archaic form of classical Latin cum "together, together with, in combination," from PIE *kom- "beside, near, by, with" (compare Old English ge-, German ge-). The prefix in Latin sometimes was used as an intensive.

Before vowels and aspirates, it is reduced to co-; before -g-, it is assimilated to cog- or con-; before -l-, assimilated to col-; before -r-, assimilated to cor-; before -c-, -d-, -j-, -n-, -q-, -s-, -t-, and -v-, it is assimilated to con-, which was so frequent that it often was used as the normal form.

词汇

commit ( com 加强语气，mit 送) vt. 把 ... 送给/交托；犯罪；做错事 1402

cooperate vi. 合作、配合；协力 4053

correlate vi. 使互相关联 5338

collaborate vi. 合作；勾结、通敌 6438

concise adj. 简明的，简洁的 16558

后跟

1. 元音或 h，简写成 co-
2. 跟 l, 同化成 col-
3. 跟 r, 同化成 cor-
4. 其他情况，同化成 con-

为什么可以同化

• m, n, l, r 发音相似

s，t, d 辅音互相转化的证据

conclude -> conclusion

decide -> decision

convert -> conversion

permit -> permission

admit -> admission

eat -> -es/-ed (obese、edible）

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前缀

1. in-
2. im-
3. il-
4. ir-
5. i-

含义：

1. 进入、进去（= in）
2. 相反、否定（= not）
3. 使动词（= en-）

词源学 in-

• https://www.etymonline.com/word/in-#etymonline_v_6284

in- (1)

word-forming element meaning "not, opposite of, without" (also im-, il-, ir- by assimilation of -n- with following consonant, a tendency which began in later Latin), from Latin in- "not," cognate with Greek an-, Old English un-, all from PIE root *ne- "not."

in- (2)

element meaning "into, in, on, upon" (also im-, il-, ir- by assimilation of -n- with following consonant), from Latin in- "in," from PIE root *en "in."

In Old French (and hence in Middle English) this often became en-, which in English had a strong tendency to revert to Latin in-, but not always, which accounts for pairs such as enquire/inquire. There was a native form, which in West Saxon usually appeared as on- (as in Old English onliehtan "to enlighten"), and some of those verbs survived into Middle English (such as inwrite "to inscribe"), but all now seem to be extinct.

词汇

income ( in 进入，come 来 ) n. 收入，收益，所得 1141

intact ( in = not, tact = touch 触、摸 ) adj. 完整的；原封不动的；未受损伤的 4679

import (in = in 进入, port 港口、码头) n. 输入；进口；进口货 4087。 export ( ex 出)

immoral (im = not, moral 道德的) adj. 不道德的；邪恶的；淫荡的 9992

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后缀

1. -an
2. -al
3. -ar
4. -am

含义

1. 名词后缀，表示：人或物
2. 形容词后缀，翻译成：... 的

词汇

artisan (artis 技术、技艺， -an 人) n. 工匠、技工

veteran (veter = year 年) n. 老兵；老手； adj. 经验丰富的

approval n. 赞成；批准；认可

artificial (arti 技术，fic 做，-al 的) adj. 人造的；仿造的；虚伪的

circular adj. 圆形的；循环的；间接的